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Recent advances in wireless and optical fiber technologies has enabled a variety of access networks, ranging from cellular, wireless and vehicular networks, to Gigabit wired connections and broadband fiber-optic access networks. Various wireless access network technologies, such as ad-hoc, mesh, microwave, and satellite networks, are being deployed to support cost-effective, always-on connectivity to different classes of users. Fiber-to-the-curb/home/node (FTTX) access networks are also emerging as viable alternatives for the delivery of multi-media services and Internet access to enterprises and residential homes. The proliferation of these access methodologies adds considerable flexibility to the network edge, thereby creating unprecedented opportunities for service innovation and the development of new applications.

Wireless technology has been one of the most transforming and empowering technologies in recent years. Recent advances in wireless communications, coupled with the proliferation of a variety of smart wireless devices, have ushered in a new generation of wireless applications, ranging from multimedia streaming and content sharing to inter-vehicular communications, emergency response and disaster recovery. The current Internet architecture and protocols are not well designed to address the unique challenges of wireless networks brought about by mobility, energy limitations, lack of security, and poor manageability.

Optical access networks are widely considered to be the technology of choice for next-generation broadband services to enterprises and residential homes. These emerging networks have particularly unique features in terms of their potential for very high data rate communications and enhanced security, scalability, and flexibility to support broadband applications. Despite these benefits, however, a considerable gap still exists between existing networks and the full potential of optical access networks.