lereveurat

Multiple-Input And Multiple-Output

2009-07-14T15:42:00.000-07:00

In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (pronounced my-moh), is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. It is one of several forms of smart antenna technology.

MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications, since it offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading). Because of these properties, MIMO is a current theme of international wireless research. (Refer to: Research trends in MIMO literature)

Principle

Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath proposed the concept of Spatial Multiplexing using MIMO in 1993. Their US Patent No. 5,345,599 issued 1994. on Spatial Multiplexing emphasized applications to wireless broadcast.

In 1996, Greg Raleigh and Gerard J. Foschini refine new approaches to MIMO technology, which considers a configuration where multiple transmit antennas are co-located at one transmitter to improve the link throughput effectively.

Bell Labs was the first to demonstrate a laboratory prototype of spatial multiplexing (SM) in 1998, where spatial multiplexing is a principal technology to improve the performance of MIMO communication systems.

Stream cipher

2009-06-22T12:27:00.000-07:00

In a cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plain text bits are combined with a pseudo random cipher bit stream (key stream), typically by an exclusive-or (xor) operation. In a stream cipher the plain text digits are encrypted one at a time, and the transformation of successive digits varies during the encryption. An alternative name is a state cipher, as the encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state. In practice, the digits are typically single bits or bytes.

Stream ciphers represent a different approach to symmetric encryption from block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on large blocks of digits with a fixed, unvarying transformation. This distinction is not always clear-cut: in some modes of operation, a block cipher primitive is used in such a way that it acts effectively as a stream cipher. Stream ciphers typically execute at a higher speed than block ciphers and have lower hardware complexity. However, stream ciphers can be susceptible to serious security problems if used incorrectly: see stream cipher attacks — in particular, the same starting state must never be used twice.

Keystream

In cryptography, a keystream is a stream of random or pseudorandom characters that are combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext).

The "characters" in the keystream can be bits, bytes, numbers or actual characters like A-Z depending on the usage case.

Usually each character in the keystream is either added, subtracted or XORed with a character in the plaintext to produce the ciphertext, using modular arithmetic.

Keystreams are used in the one-time pad cipher and in most stream ciphers. Block ciphers can also be used to produce keystreams. For instance, CTR mode is a block mode that makes a block cipher produce a keystream and thus turns the block cipher into a stream cipher.

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

2009-06-04T15:49:00.000-07:00

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, to make a globally applicable third generation (3G) mobile phone system specification within the scope of the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 project of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 3GPP specifications are based on evolved Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) specifications. 3GPP standardization encompasses Radio, Core Network and Service architecture.

The groups are the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Association of Radio Industries and Businesses/Telecommunication Technology Committee (ARIB/TTC) (Japan), China Communications Standards Association , Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (North America) and Telecommunications Technology Association (South Korea).The project was established in December 1998.

3GPP should not be confused with 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), which specifies standards for another 3G technology based on IS-95 (CDMA), commonly known as CDMA2000.

Iphone Display Information

2009-06-01T17:08:00.000-07:00

3g network-the third generation

2009-05-12T15:55:00.000-07:00

3G is the third generation of telecommunication hardware standards and general technology for mobile networking, superseding 2.5G. It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards under the IMT-2000.

3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Additional features also include HSPA data transmission capabilities able to deliver data rates up to 14.4 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink.

Unlike IEEE 802.11 networks, which are commonly called Wi-Fi or WLAN networks, 3G networks are wide-area cellular telephone networks that evolved to incorporate high-speed Internet access and video telephony. IEEE 802.11 networks are short range, high-bandwidth networks primarily developed for data.

IFR Communications

2009-05-05T13:20:00.000-07:00

International Telecommunication Union

2009-04-15T14:33:00.000-07:00

The International Telecommunication Union is the second-oldest international organization still in existence (the oldest being the Rhine Commission), established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. It was founded as the International Telegraph Union in Paris on 17 May 1865. Its main tasks include standardization, allocation of the radio spectrum, and organizing interconnection arrangements between different countries to allow international phone calls — in which regard it performs for telecommunications a similar function to what the UPU performs for postal services. It is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations, and has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, next to the main United Nations campus.

Hardware Requirements for Vista

2009-04-07T09:29:00.000-07:00

According to Microsoft corp, computers capable of running Windows Vista are classified as Vista Capable and Vista Premium Ready.

A Vista Capable or equivalent PC needs to have at minimum an 800 MHz processor, 512 MB RAM and a DirectX 9 class graphics card. A computer that meets these requirements will be capable of running all editions of Windows Vista although some of the special features and high end graphics options may require additional or more advanced hardware.

Adobe Photoshop-graphics editing program

2009-03-31T09:52:00.000-07:00

Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. It is the current and primary market leader for commercial bitmap and image manipulation, and is the flagship product of Adobe Systems. It has been described as "an industry standard for graphics professionals" and was one of the early "killer applications" on the PC.

Adobe's 2005 "Creative Suite" rebranding led to Adobe Photoshop 8's renaming to Adobe Photoshop CS. Thus, Adobe Photoshop CS4 is the 11th major release of Adobe Photoshop. The CS rebranding also resulted in Adobe offering numerous software packages containing multiple Adobe programs for a reduced price. Adobe Photoshop is inc

luded in most of Adobe's Creative Suite offerings.

Network Hacking

2009-03-30T08:36:00.000-07:00

Metropolitan area network

2009-03-24T08:43:00.001-07:00

Metropolitan area networks, or MANs, are large computer networks usually spanning a city. They typically use wireless infrastructure or Optical fiber connections to link their sites.

A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will often provide means for internetworking of local networks. Metropolitan area networks can span up to 50km, devices used are modem and wire/cable

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network that spans a metropolitan area or campus. Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN. MANs provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan region, and connect them to wider area networks like the Internet.

GPRS-General packet radio service

2009-03-17T16:55:00.000-07:00

General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In the 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/s.

GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users.

2G cellular systems combined with GPRS are often described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that GSM is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

Wana (Telecommunications)

2009-03-10T12:40:00.001-07:00

Wana (formerly Maroc Connect) (established in 1999) is the third main telecommunication company in Morocco. It was one of the early Internet service providers in Morocco. It started marketing its internet services representing the brand Wanadoo, thus the name Wana. Initially a subsidiary of France Telecom, it is now entirely held by the Moroccan conglomerate ONA.

The name comes from the former Wanadoo brand which was represented by Maroc Connect in Morocco for a few years. The internet service of Wana will start soon. To avoid the high cost of cabling and installations, and to quickly serve the commercial market, Wana has used a technology known as BLR (Boucle Local Radio, Last Mile Wireless Delivery Systems).

Wanadoo changed to Orange on 1 June 2006 to simplify branding by France Telecom: this merging of companies has created a single brand offering mobile telecommunications and internet services. This is an example of one type of telecommunication convergence.

Turk cell

2009-03-03T14:48:00.000-08:00

Turk cell (NYSE: TKC) is the leading mobile phone operator of Turkey, based in Istanbul. The company has 36.3 million subscribers by the end of September 2008, making it the third biggest in Europe.

In February 1994, Turk cell started Turkey's first GSM network. Its competitors are Vodafone with a market share of 24% and Avea with a market share of 16%.

Turk cell is the first Turkish company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), where its shares have been traded since July 11, 2000 along with trading on the Istanbul Stock Exchange (IMKB).

Turk cell's shareholder structure is as follows: 51% is held by Turk cell Holding A.Ş., 4.15% by Çukurova Holding A.Ş., 13.07% by Sonera Holding B.V., 2.32% by MV Holding A.Ş., and the free float is 29.38%. Çukurova Group controls the company despite holding only 18% of the share capital, due to a complicated shareholding/voting structure.

Turk cell also provides GSM services internationally. It has 9.6 million subscribers via Fintur and its affiliates in partnership with TeliaSonera in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Moldova, as of September 30, 2007. Turk cell's Ukranian majority-held business, Astelit, has 10.6 million subscribers.

GSM-(Global System for Mobile communication)

2009-02-24T13:01:00.000-08:00

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.

Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel to other countries. SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module) holding home network access configurations may be switched to those will metered local access, significantly reducing roaming costs while experiencing no reductions in service.

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile telemmunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).

Flash-OFDM

2009-02-17T11:40:00.001-08:00

Flash-OFDM (Fast Low-latency Access with Seamless Handoff Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), which is also referred to as F-OFDM, is a system that is based on OFDM and specifies also higher protocol layers. It has been developed and is marketed by Flarion. Flash-OFDM has generated interest as a packet-switched cellular bearer, where it would compete with GSM and 3G networks. As an example, 450 MHz frequency bands previously used by NMT-450 and C-Net C450 (both 1G analogue networks, now mostly decommissioned) in Europe are being licensed to Flash-OFDM operators.

In Finland the license holder Digital has begun deployment of a nationwide "@450" wireless network, operational in parts of the country since April 2007 and planned coverage of all of Finland in 2009.

T-Mobile Slovakia offers Flash-OFDM connections with a maximum downstream speed of 5.3 Mbit/s, and a maximum upstream speed of 1.8 Mbit/s. Cover is nearly all of Slovakia by Flash-OFDM.

More wireless of 3G

2009-02-10T09:12:00.000-08:00

iPhone 3G delivers UMTS, HSDPA, GSM, Wi-Fi, EDGE, GPS, and Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR in one compact device — using only two antennas. Clever iPhone engineering integrates those antennas into a few unexpected places: the metal ring around the camera, the audio jack, the metal screen bezel, and the iPhone circuitry itself. And intelligent iPhone power management technology gives you up to 5 hours of talk time over 3G networks. That’s some of the best in the business.

iPhone 3G meets worldwide standards for cellular communications, so you can make calls and surf the web from practically anywhere on the planet. And if you’re in an area without a 3G network, iPhone connects you via GSM for calls and EDGE for data.

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

2009-02-03T09:31:00.000-08:00

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) — essentially identical to Coded OFDM (COFDM) and Discrete multi-tone modulation (DMT) — is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme utilized as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry data. The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quad rapture amplitude modulation or phase shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

OFDM has developed into a popular scheme for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television and audio broadcasting, wireless networking and broadband internet access.

ARP-(Autoradiopuhelin, "car radio phone")

2009-01-27T11:58:00.000-08:00

ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, "car radio phone") was the first commercially operated public mobile phone network in Finland. The technology is zero-generation (0G), since although it had cells, moving between they were not seamless. The network was proposed in 1968 and building began in 1969. It was launched in 1971, and reached 100% geographic coverage in 1978 with 140 base stations. The ARP network was closed at the end of 2000 along with NMT-900.

ARP was a success and reached great popularity (10,800 users in the year 1977, with a peak of 35,560 in 1986), but the service eventually became too congested and was gradually replaced by the more modern NMT technology. However, ARP was the only mobile phone network with 100% percent coverage for some time thereafter, and it remained popular in many special user groups.

UMTS-TDD

2009-01-20T12:19:00.000-08:00

UMTS-TDD is a mobile data network standard built upon the UMTS 3G cellular mobile phone standard, using a TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, or other 3GPP-approved, air interface that uses Time Division Duplexing to duplex spectrum between the up-link and down-link. While a full implementation of UMTS, it is mainly used to provide Internet access in circumstances similar to those where WiMAX might be used. UMTS-TDD is not directly compatible with UMTS: a device designed to use one standard cannot, unless specifically designed to, work on the other, because of the difference in air interface technologies and frequencies used.

In Europe, CEPT allocated the 2010-2020MHz range for a variant of UMTS-TDD designed for unlicensed, self-provided use. Some telecom groups and jurisdictions have proposed withdrawing this service in favor of licensed UMTS-TDD, due to lack of demand, and lack of development of a UMTS TDD air interface technology suitable for deployment in this band.

TD-SCDMA

2009-01-13T11:49:00.000-08:00

Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access, or TD-SCDMA, is a 3G mobile telecommunications standard, being pursued in the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT), Data and Siemens AG, in an attempt not to be dependent on Western technology. This is likely primarily for practical reasons; other 3G formats require the payment of patent fees to a large number of western patent holders.

TD-SCDMA is based on spread spectrum technology which makes it unlikely that it will be able to escape completely the payment of license fees to western patent holders. The launch of a national TD-SCDMA network was initially projected by 2005 but has still not been achieved; the latest stage of "commercial trials" across eight cities was launched on April 1, 2008 and will eventually include 60,000 users.

Rationale for W-CDMA

2009-01-06T11:44:00.000-08:00

W-CDMA transmits on a pair of 5 MHz-wide radio channels, while CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of 1.25 MHz radio channels. Though W-CDMA does use a direct sequence CDMA transmission technique like CDMA2000, W-CDMA is not simply a wide band version of CDMA2000. The W-CDMA system is a new design by NTT Do Como, and it differs in many aspects from CDMA2000. From an engineering point of view, W-CDMA provides a different balance of trade-offs between cost, capacity, performance, and density; it also promises to achieve a benefit of reduced cost for video phone handsets. W-CDMA may also be better suited for deployment in the very dense cities of Europe and Asia. However, hurdles remain, and cross-licensing of patents between Qualcomm and W-CDMA vendors has not eliminated possible patent issues due to the features of W-CDMA which remain covered by Qualcomm patents.

W-CDMA has been developed into a complete set of specifications, a detailed protocol that defines how a mobile phone communicates with the tower, how signals are modulated, how data grams are structured, and system interfaces are specified allowing free competition on technology elements.

W-CDMA Development

2008-12-30T11:39:00.000-08:00

W-CDMA was developed by NTT Do Como as the air interface for their 3G network FOMA. Later NTT Do Como submitted the specification to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a candidate for the international 3G standard known as IMT-2000. The ITU eventually accepted W-CDMA as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, as an alternative to CDMA2000, EDGE, and the short range DECT system. Later, W-CDMA was selected as the air interface for UMTS, the 3G successor to GSM.

Code Division Multiple Access communication networks have been developed by a number of companies over the years, but development of cell-phone networks based on CDMA (prior to W-CDMA) was dominated by Qualcomm, the first company to succeed in developing a practical and cost-effective CDMA implementation for consumer cell phones, its early IS-95 air interface standard. IS-95 evolved into the current CDMA2000 (IS-856/IS-2000) standard.

In the late 1990s, NTT Do Como began work on a new wide-band CDMA air interface for their planned 3G network FOMA. Foam’s air interface, called W-CDMA, was selected as the air interface for UMTS, a newer W-CDMA based system designed to be an easier upgrade for European GSM networks compared to FOMA. FOMA and UMTS use essentially the same air interface, but are different in other ways; thus, handsets are not 100% compatible between FOMA and UMTS, but roaming is supported.

W-CDMA Technical features

2008-12-23T11:32:00.000-08:00

* Radio channels are 5MHz wide.
* Chip rate of 3.84 Mcps
* Supports two basic modes of duplex: frequency division and time division. Current systems use frequency division, one frequency for up link and one for down link. For time division, FOMA uses sixteen slots per radio frame, whereas UMTS uses fifteen slots per radio frame.
* Employs coherent detection on both the up link and down link based on the use of pilot symbols and channels.
* Supports inter-cell asynchronous operation.
* Variable mission on a 10 ms frame basis.
* Multi mode transmission.
* Adaptive power control based on SIR (Signal-to-Interference Ratio).
* Multi-user detection and smart antennas can be used to increase capacity and coverage.
* Multiple types of hand off (or handover) between different cells including soft hand off, softer hand off and hard hand off.

W-CDMA (UMTS)

2008-12-16T11:20:00.000-08:00

W-CDMA (Wide band Code Division Multiple Access) is a type of 3G cellular network. W-CDMA is the higher speed transmission protocol used in the Japanese FOMA system and in the UMTS system, a third generation follow-on to the 2G GSM networks deployed worldwide.

W-CDMA is a wide band spread-spectrum mobile air interface that utilizes the direct-sequence spread spectrum method of asynchronous code division multiple access to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to the implementation of time division multiplexing (TDMA) used by 2G GSM networks.

The term "W-CDMA" is also used to refer to the standard data interface used by the UMTS mobile communication system, W-CDMA (UMTS).

HSDPA-High-Speed Down link Packet Access

2008-12-09T15:05:00.000-08:00

High-Speed Down link Packet Access (HSDPA) is a 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.4 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink.

The amount of the channelization code tree, and thus network bandwidth, allocated to HSDPA users is determined by the network. The allocation is "semi-static" in that it can be modified while the network is operating, but not on a frame-by-frame basis. This allocation represents a trade-off between bandwidth allocated for HSDPA users, versus that for voice and non-HSDPA data users. The allocation is in units of channelization codes for Spreading Factor 16, of which 16 exist and up to 15 can be allocated to HSDPA. When the base station decides which users will receive data on the next frame, it also decides which channelization codes will be used for each user.

This information is sent to the user devices over one or more HSDPA "scheduling channels"; these channels are not part of the HSDPA allocation previously mentioned, but are allocated separately. Thus, for a given 2 ms frame, data may be sent to a number of users simultaneously, using different channelization codes. The maximum number of users to receive data on a given 2 ms frame is determined by the number of allocated channelization codes.

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

2008-11-25T14:47:00.001-08:00

iPhone SDK

2008-11-18T12:57:00.001-08:00

On October 17, 2007, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" weblog, Steve Jobs announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008.The SDK was released on March 6th, 2008, and allows developers to make applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, as well as test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto the devices is only possible after paying a iPhone Developer Program fee.

Developers are free to set any price for their applications to be distributed through the App Store, of which they will receive a 70% share. Developers can also opt to release the application for free and will not pay any costs to release or distribute the application except for the membership fee

3G evolution (pre-4G)

2008-11-11T15:27:00.000-08:00

The standardization of 3G evolution is working in both 3GPP and 3GPP2. The corresponding specifications of 3GPP and 3GPP2 evolutions are named as LTE and UMB, respectively. 3G evolution uses partly beyond 3G technologies to enhance the performance and to make a smooth migration path.
There are several different paths from 2G to 3G. In Europe the main path starts from GSM when GPRS is added to a system. From this point it is possible to go to the UMTS system. In North America the system evolution will start from Time division multiple access (TDMA), change to Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) and then to UMTS.
In Japan, two 3G standards are used: W-CDMA used by NTT DoCoMo (FOMA, compatible with UMTS) and SoftBank Mobile (UMTS), and CDMA2000, used by KDDI. Transition for market purposes to 3G was completed in Japan in 2006.
The first introduction of 3G technology in the Caribbean (2008) was done by American Movil(Claro)formerly MIPHONE in Jamaica. The Implementation phase of this network was carried out by Huawei in conjuction with other sub contractors like Trylon TSF out of Canada.

Advantages of layered network architecture

2008-10-14T04:45:00.000-07:00

Unlike GSM, UMTS is base on layered services. At the top is the services layer, which provides fast use of services and centralized location. In the center is the control layer, which helps improvement procedures and allows the capacity of the system to be dynamically owed. At the bottom is the connectivity layer where any transmission skill can be used and the voice traffic will move over ATM/AAL2 or IP/RTP.

Network standardization in 3G

2008-10-07T01:38:00.000-07:00

The International Telecommunication Union defined the strain for 3G mobile networks with the IMT-2000 set. An organization call 3rd Generation Partnership Project has continued that work by important a mobile system that fulfill the IMT-2000 standard. This system is calling Universal Mobile Telecommunications System.

IMT-2000 standard and radio interface

International Telecommunications Union: IMT-2000 consists of six radio interface

* W-CDMA also known as UMTS

* CDMA2000

* TD-CDMA / TD-SCDMA

* UWC

* DECT

* Mobile WiMAX

Speed of 3G

2008-09-22T22:20:00.000-07:00

The ITU has not provide a clear meaning of the speeds users can expect from 3G gear or provider. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a characteristic and say that the speeds it specifies are not being met. While stating in comments that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will give higher transmission rates: a least amount speed of 2Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a touching vehicle," the ITU does not actually clearly specify least or average speed or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various speeds are sold as 3G planned to meet customers outlook of broadband speed. It is often optional by industry sources that 3G can be predictable to provide 384 kbit/s at or below walker speeds, but only 128 kbit/s in a touching car. While EDGE is part of the 3G standard, some phones report EDGE and 3G network accessibility as separate things, particularly the iPhone.

Phones and networks

2008-09-09T06:52:00.000-07:00

3G technologies enable system operators to offer users a wider range of more superior services while achieving better network capacity through improved spectral efficiency.

UMTS terminals

The technical complexities of a 3G phone or handset depend on it’s require to roam onto legacy 2G networks. In the first countries, Japan and South Korea, there was no need to include roaming capability to older networks such as GSM, so 3G phones were small and unimportant. In Europe and America, the manufacturer and network operators wanted multi-mode 3G phones which would operate on 3G and 2G networks, which added to the complexity, size, weight, and cost of the phone. As a result, early European W-CDMA phones were appreciably larger and heavier than similar Japanese W-CDMA phones.

Japan's Vodafone KK skilled a great deal of trouble with these differences when its UK-based parent, Vodafone, insisted the Japanese subsidiary use normal Vodafone handsets. Japanese customers who were familiar to smaller handsets were suddenly necessary to switch to European handsets that were much bulkier and measured unfashionable by Japanese consumers. During this conversion, Vodafone KK lost 6 clientele for every 4 that migrate to 3G. Soon thereafter, Vodafone sold the subsidiary.

The broad trend to smaller and minor phones seems to have paused, perhaps even turned, with the ability of large-screen phones to provide more video, betting and internet use on the 3G networks.

3G

2008-08-25T22:39:00.000-07:00

3G is the third generation of mobile phone standard and technology, overriding 2G, and previous 4G. It is base on the International Telecommunication Union family of standard below the International Mobile Telecommunications programme, IMT-2000.

3G technologies allow network operators to offer users a wider range of more superior services while achieving greater network capacity through better spectral efficiency. Services contain wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile situation. Additional features also include HSPA data transmission capability able to deliver speed up to 14.4Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8Mbit/s on the uplink.

Unlike IEEE 802.11 networks, 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networks which evolve to fit in high-speed internet access and video telephony. IEEE 802.11 networks are short range, high-bandwidth networks mainly developed for data.

Vitamins and Minerals

2008-08-18T23:30:00.000-07:00

Vitamins are organic substance, minerals are inorganic essentials that come from the earth; soil and water and are engrossed by plants. Animals and humans absorb minerals from the vegetation they eat. Vitamins and minerals are nutrients that your body wants to grow and expand normally.

Vitamins and minerals have a single role to play in maintain your health. For example Vitamin D helps your body take up the amount of calcium it needs to form sturdy bones. A shortage in vitamin D can effect in a disease called rickets. The body cannot create calcium; therefore, it must be engrossed through our food. Other raw materials like chromium, copper, iodine, iron, selenium, and zinc are called trace raw materials because you only need very small amount of them each day. The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat an impartial diet with a variety of foods. You can typically get all your vitamins from the foods you have.

2008-08-11T22:27:00.000-07:00

These days, a assets of nutrition information is at your finger tips. From diet books to paper articles, everybody seems to have a view about what you should be intake. It’s no secret that good quality nutrition plays a necessary role in maintain health.

While you previously know it is significant to eat a healthy diet, you may find it harder to sort through all of the information about nutrition and food choice. The CDC has compiled a assortment of capital to help you start better eating habits:

* Nutrition Basics

Food Groups
Water
Dietary Fat
Carbohydrates
Protein
Vitamins and Minerale

* Fruits and Vegetables

* Resources for Everyone

Astrology

2008-08-04T21:34:00.000-07:00

Astrology is a set of systems, traditions, and idea in which knowledge of the relative positions of celestial bodies and correlated details is held to be useful in understanding, interpreting, and organizing information regarding personality, human relationships, and further terrestrial matters. A practitioner of astrology is called an astrologer. In history, the term mathematic was used to signify a person capable in astrology, astronomy, and mathematics.

Even though the two fields allocate a familiar origin, modern astronomy is totally different from astrology. Astronomy is the scientific study of astronomical matter and phenomena, while astrology is anxious with the attempt to correlate these phenomena with worldly affairs. Astrology is variously careful by its proponents to be a symbolic language, a form of art or science. The scientific community normally considers astrology to be a pseudoscience as astrologers have abortive empirical tests in prohibited studies. Despite the need of scientific evidence, trust in astrology is widespread.

Blood

2008-07-28T22:57:00.000-07:00

Blood is a dedicated bodily fluid.In vertebrates it is collected of blood cells balanced in a liquid called blood plasma. Plasma, which comprises 55% of blood fluid, is generally water, and contains dissolve proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide, platelets as well as blood cell themselves. The blood cells present in blood are generally red blood cells plus white blood cells; include leukocytes and platelets.

The most plentiful cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These hold hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates carrying of oxygen by reversibly required to this respiratory gas and greatly growing its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is about entirely transported extracellular dissolve in plasma like bicarbonate ion.

Jawed vertebrates contain an adaptive immune system, based mostly on white blood cells. White blood cells aid to resist infections and bedbugs. Platelets are vital in the clotting of blood. Arthropods, using hemolymph, include hemocytes as part of their immune scheme.

Blood is spread around the body through blood vessel by the pump action of the heart. In animals have lungs; arterial blood carries oxygen starting inhale air to the tissues of the body, and venous blood carry carbon dioxide, a waste produce of metabolism formed by cells, from the tissues toward the lungs to be exhale.

Contempo Technology Events Photos Celebrations Funs: Contempo Technology Photos

2008-06-20T04:36:00.000-07:00

Contempo Technology Events Photos Celebrations Funs: Contempo Technology Photos

Contempo Technology Photos

Contempo Tech Photos 2008

The photos will show up in our Contempo Technology blog, gently fading into one another. Contempo Technology readers will be able to go forward / backward / pause / click through to the photo's on web page.

ANIMAL ETHICS COMMITTEES

2008-05-27T03:33:00.000-07:00

The Animal Research Act 1985 was introduced to control the use of animals in research and teaching activities. The Act ensures proper ethical consideration of how and why animals are used. It reflects a general community view that animal use should be considered and humane. It is based on the underlying principles that people wishing to use animals for teaching or research should strive towards 'the 3 R's', that is:

reducing the number of animals used;
refining the procedures involving animals, to make the procedures more humane;
replacing the use of animals with the use of non-living alternatives wherever practicable.
These principles are spelt out and given legal force in the Code of Practice in the Animal Research Regulation.

Animal Ethics Committees (AECs), representing research and animal welfare interests, are central to the operation of the legislation. NSW DPI has four AECs to oversee educational and research activities across the state. They have responsibility for initial approval and ongoing monitoring of these activities, and also provide advice on proposed activities. AECs are located at EMAI (Menangle), Orange, Port Stephens (for fisheries research) and West Pennant Hills (forestry research).

The Animal Research Act also establishes the Animal Research Review Panel (ARRP) as the central body responsible for overseeing the overall operation of the legislation and the development of policy recommendations. The ARRP determines whether institutions are complying with the legislation by evaluating applications for accreditation and through site inspections. The Animal Welfare Unit (AWU) provides executive support to the ARRP. AWU veterinary officers have powers as inspectors under the Act.

The Technical Definition of CDMA

2008-05-13T04:34:00.000-07:00

Perhaps the best place to start, when it comes to a discussion and consideration of CDMA, is with the actual definition of CDMA when it comes to wireless phone technology. Keep in mind that the technical definition of CDMA is not the easiest statement to understand. The commonly accepted and widely utilized definition of CDMA is:

“A digital wireless telephony transmission technique. 1. CDMA allows multiple frequencies to be used simultaneously (Spread Spectrum). The CDMA idea was originally developed for military use over 30 years ago. 2. The CDMA standards used for second-generation mobile telephony are the IS-95 standards championed by QUALCOMM.”

Having had the chance to view the technical definition of CDMA, your head likely is spinning -- unless you are a techie who regularly confronts these types of complicated things. In this regard, a bit of clarification and explanation might be helpful to you in getting a better grasp on what CDMA is all about. This clarification can aid you in understanding the relationship between CDMA and wireless phone products.

Power

2008-05-05T19:12:00.001-07:00

Mobile phones are generally obtaining power from batteries which can be recharged from mains power source. previously, the most common form of mobile phone batteries were nickel metal-hydride, as they have a low size and weight. Sometimes lithium-Ion batteries are used, as they are lighter and do not have the voltage depression that nickel metal-hydride batteries do. Many mobile phone manufacturers have now changed to using lithium-Polymer batteries as to oppose the older Lithium-Ion, the main advantages of this being even lower weight and the possibility to make the battery a shape other than strict cuboid. Mobile phone manufacturers have been experimenting with alternate power sources, including solar cells etc….

In addition to the battery, most cellphones require a small microchip, called a SIM Card, to operate.. Approximately the size of a one-cent postage stamp, the SIM Card is installed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit, and stores the phone's configuration data, and information about the phone itself, such as which calling plan the subscriber is using. When the subscriber removes the SIM Card, it can be re-inserted into another phone and used as normal this can be done easily..

Each SIM Card is activated by a unique numerical identifier ; once activated, that identifier is locked down and the card is permanently locked in to the activating network. Sim cards plays a major role in the mobile phones….

Mobile Manufacturer

2008-05-05T19:12:00.000-07:00

Nokia is the world's largest manufacturer of mobile phones, with a global device market share of approximately 40% in Q4 of 2007. Other major mobile phone manufacturers include Samsung (14%), Motorola (12%), Sony ericsson (9%) and LG Mobile (7%).[5] These manufacturers account for over 80% of all mobile phones sold and produce phones for sale in most countries.. these are all some of the important mobile phones manufacturers.

Other manufacturers include Apple Inc., Audiovox Benefon, BenQ-Siemens, CECT, High Tech Computer Corporation ,Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Neonode, Philips, Research In Motion, Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Siemens, Sierra Wireless, SK Teletech, Sonim Technologies, T&A Alcatel, and Toshiba. There are also specialist communication systems related to (but distinct from) mobile phones.

Now a days there are number of mobile phones manufacures are mainly concentrating on some factors,like style,power consumption,storage capacity etc…..

Networking at the Edges (NEDG)

2008-04-29T05:00:00.000-07:00

Recent advances in wireless and optical fiber technologies has enabled a variety of access networks, ranging from cellular, wireless and vehicular networks, to Gigabit wired connections and broadband fiber-optic access networks. Various wireless access network technologies, such as ad-hoc, mesh, microwave, and satellite networks, are being deployed to support cost-effective, always-on connectivity to different classes of users. Fiber-to-the-curb/home/node (FTTX) access networks are also emerging as viable alternatives for the delivery of multi-media services and Internet access to enterprises and residential homes. The proliferation of these access methodologies adds considerable flexibility to the network edge, thereby creating unprecedented opportunities for service innovation and the development of new applications.

Wireless technology has been one of the most transforming and empowering technologies in recent years. Recent advances in wireless communications, coupled with the proliferation of a variety of smart wireless devices, have ushered in a new generation of wireless applications, ranging from multimedia streaming and content sharing to inter-vehicular communications, emergency response and disaster recovery. The current Internet architecture and protocols are not well designed to address the unique challenges of wireless networks brought about by mobility, energy limitations, lack of security, and poor manageability.

Optical access networks are widely considered to be the technology of choice for next-generation broadband services to enterprises and residential homes. These emerging networks have particularly unique features in terms of their potential for very high data rate communications and enhanced security, scalability, and flexibility to support broadband applications. Despite these benefits, however, a considerable gap still exists between existing networks and the full potential of optical access networks.

Water

2008-04-22T16:46:00.000-07:00

Ever notice how lifeless a house plant looks when you forget to water it? Just a little water and it seems to perk back up. Water is just as essential for our bodies because it is in every cell, tissue, and organ in your body. That's why getting enough water every day is important for your health.

Healthy people meet their fluid needs by drinking when thirsty and drinking fluids with meals. But, if you're outside in hot weather for most of the day or doing vigorous physical activity, you'll need to make an effort to drink more fluids.

Where do I get the water I need?

Most of your water needs are met through the water and beverages you drink.You can get some fluid through the foods you eat. For example, broth soups and other foods that are 85% to 95% water such as celery, tomatoes, oranges, and melons.

What does water do in my body?

Water helps your body with the following:

* Keeps its temperature normal.
* Lubricates and cushions your joints.
* Protects your spinal cord and other sensitive tissues.
* Gets rid of wastes through urination, perspiration, and bowel movements.

GSM cellular network

2008-04-08T21:14:00.000-07:00

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it searching for cells. GSM networks can operate in four different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks are operates in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas use the bands from 850 MHz and 1900 MHz because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated

The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries, where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.

In the 900 MHz band there are two different frequency dand for both the uplink and the downlink,for the uplink frequency band is 890–915 MHz, and the downlink frequency band is 935–960 MHz.. Time division multiplexing is used in this to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots grouped that is called as TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot.

The transmission power in the phone is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells these are all the five different cell size in a GSM network. Indoor coverage is also effectively supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station,
Femtocells are cells are mainly designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection.these are all the some of the points in the GSM

LATEST MOBILE PHONE REVIEW

2008-04-07T23:55:00.000-07:00

Nokia N78 - packed with only the best techs.......
Nokia N78 is designed to take all advantage of the new suite of Nokia services, including the Nokia Music Store, Nokia Maps, and Share on Ovi etc......
The Nokia N78 packs a powerful range of technologies, including integrated A-GPS, with free Nokia Maps, WLAN and high-speed HSPDA 3G connectivity, a 3.2 megapixel camera with Carl Zeiss optics, and support for microSD memory card, currently available at up to 8 GB.This version has many unique factors....... The novelties of the N78 are geotagging of photos and an integrated FM transmitter that allows music to be played on any FM radio, in a car or at home.
The N78 is expected to start shipping during the second quarter of 2008, with an estimated retail price of approximately 350 euros,before taxes.......

Different Platforms in Mobile Games

2008-03-23T19:30:00.001-07:00

Mobile games are developed using platforms and expertise such as Windows Mobile, Palm OS, Symbian OS, Adobe's Flash Lite, DoCoMo's DoJa, Sun's J2ME (Java 2 Micro Edition, recently rebranded simply "Java ME"), Qualcomm's BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless), WIPI or Infusio's ExEn (Execution Environment). Other platforms are also accessible, but not as common.

Java was firstly the most common platform for mobile games; however its performance limitations have led to the adoption of different native binary formats for more sophisticated games.

Fan Motor

2008-03-16T21:19:00.001-07:00

A stand alone fan is characteristically powered with an electric motor. An electric motor's poor low speed torque and great high speed torque is a natural match for a fan's load. Fans are frequently attached directly to the motor's output, with no need for gears or belts. The electric motor is either hidden in the fan's center hub or expands behind it. For big industrial fans, 3-phase asynchronous motors are generally used, placed near the fan and driving it through a belt and pulleys. Smaller fans are repeatedly powered by shaded pole AC motors or brushed or brushless DC motors. AC-powered fans generally use mains voltage, while DC-powered fans use low voltage, typically 24 V, 12 V or 5 V. Cooling fans for computer equipment exclusively use brushless DC motors, which produce much less electromagnetic interference.

An 80 mm DC axial computer fan

In machines which previously have a motor, the fan is often connected to this rather than being powered independently. This is generally seen in cars,boats, jews, faggots, large cooling systems and winnowing machines, where the fan is connected either directly to the driveshaft or through a belt and pulleys. Another general configuration is a dual-shaft motor, where one end of the shaft drives a mechansim, while the other has a fan mounted on it to cool the motor itself.

ICE Age

2008-03-09T21:37:00.001-07:00

An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an increase of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers. Glaciologically, ice age is often used to mean a period of ice sheets in the northern and southern hemispheres; by this description we are still in an ice age. More colloquially, when speaking of the most recent few million years, ice age is used to refer to colder periods with extensive ice sheets over the North American and European continents: in this sense, the last ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. This article will use the term ice age in the former, glaciological, sense; and use the term 'glacial periods' for colder periods the duration of ice ages and 'interglacial' for the warmer periods.

During the last few million years, there have been many glacial periods, occurring firstly at 40,000-year frequency but more recently at 100,000-year frequencies.

Astronomy of Natural Science

2008-03-03T19:02:00.000-08:00

This discipline is the science of celestial things and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the structure and development of the universe. Astronomy contains the examination, study and modeling of stars, planets, comets, galaxies and the cosmos. Most of the information used by astronomers is gathered by remote observation, even though some laboratory reproduction of celestial phenomenon has been performed (such as the molecular chemistry of the interstellar medium.)

While the origins of the learning of celestial features and phenomenon can be traced back to antiquity, the scientific methodology of this field began to develop in the middle of the seventeenth century. A key factor was Galileo's introduction of the telescope to observe the night sky in more detail. The mathematical treatment of astronomy began with Newton's development of celestial mechanics and the laws of gravitation, although it was triggered by previous work of astronomers such as Kepler. By the nineteenth century, astronomy had developed into a formal science with the beginning of instruments such as the spectroscope and photography, along with much improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories.

Book Paper

2008-02-24T18:48:00.001-08:00

A book paper (or publishing paper) is a paper which is designed exclusively for the publication of printed books. Traditionally, book papers are off white or low white papers (easier to read), are dense to minimise the show through of text from one side of the page to the other and are (generally) made to tighter caliper or thickness specifications, particularly for case bound books. Typically, books papers are light weight papers 60–90g/m² and often particular by their caliper/substance ratios (volume basis). For example, a bulky 80g/m² paper may possibly have a caliper of 120 microns (0.12mm) which would be Volume 15 (120×10/80) where as a low bulk 80g/m² may have a caliper of 88 microns, giving a volume 11. This volume basis then allows the calculation of a books PPI (printed pages per inch) which is an essential factor for the design of book jackets and the binding of the finished book.

Generally, higher bulk papers are more obscure and rougher than lower bulk papers, although lower bulk papers, with their smoother outside, will be capable of reproducing finer printed images.

Line Printers

2008-02-17T18:20:00.000-08:00

Line printers, as the name implies, print an whole line of text at a time. Three principal designs are existed. In drum printers, a drum carries the whole character set of the printer repeated in each column that is to be printed. In chain printers (also called as train printers), the character set is arranged multiple times around a chain that travels horizontally past the print line. In either case, to print a line, specifically timed hammers strike against the back of the paper at the exact moment that the correct character to be printed is passing in front of the paper. The paper presses forward touching a ribbon which then presses against the character form and the impression of the character form is printed onto the paper.

Comb printers characterize the third major design. These printers were a hybrid of dot matrix printing and line printing. In these printers, a comb of hammers printed a part of a row of pixels at one time (for example, every eighth pixel). By shifting the comb back and forth slightly, the complete pixel row could be printed (continuing the example, in just eight cycles). The paper then highly developed and the next pixel row was printed. Because far less motion was involved than in a conservative dot matrix printer, these printers were very fast compared to dot matrix printers and were competitive in speed with formed-character line printers while also being able to print dot-matrix graphics.

Line printers were the fastest of all impact printers and were used for largeness printing in large computer centres. They were almost never used with personal computers and have now been replaced by high-speed laser printers.

The heritage of line printers lives on in many computer operating systems, which use the abbreviations "lp", "lpr", or "LPT" to refer to printers.

Modern Print Technology

2008-02-10T18:36:00.000-08:00

Toner-Based Printers

Toner-based printers work using the Xerographic standard that is at work in most photocopiers: by adhering toner to a light-sensitive print drum, then using static electricity to transfer the toner to the printing medium to which it is fused with heat and pressure.

The most regular type of toner-based printer is the laser printer, which uses precision lasers to cause adherence. Laser printers are known for high quality prints, good print speed, and a low (Black and White) cost-per-copy; they are the most general printer for many general-purpose office applications. They are far less frequently used as consumer printers due to a high initial cost.

Laser printers are existing in both color and monochrome varieties.

Another toner based printer is the LED printer which uses an array of LEDs as an alternative of a laser to cause toner adhesion to the print drum.

Recent research has also indicated that Laser printers produce potentially dangerous ultrafine particles, possibly causing health problems associated with respiration. The degree of particle emissions varies with age, model and design of each printer but is commonly proportional to the amount of toner required. Furthermore, a well ventilated workspace would allow such ultrafine particles to disperse thus reducing the health side effects.

System-of-Systems Engineering (SoSE)

2008-02-06T18:34:00.001-08:00

System-of-Systems Engineering (SoSE) is a set of developing processes and methods for manipulative and implementing solutions to System-of-Systems problems. SoSE is moderately new term being used in Department of Defense applications, but is increasingly being applied to non-military/security related problems (e.g., transportation, healthcare, Internet, search and rescue, space exploration). SoSE is more than systems engineering of multifaceted systems because design for System-of-Systems problems is performed under some level of uncertainty in the requirements and the constituent systems, and it involves considerations in multiple levels and domains (as per Ref. 2 and 3). Whereas SE focuses on building the system right, SoSE focuses on choosing the right system(s) to gratify the requirements.

Differences between touring cars and sports cars

2008-01-27T18:38:00.001-08:00

For the informal observer, there can be a great deal of confusion when it comes to classifying closed-wheel racing cars as 'touring cars' or 'sports cars'. In truth, there is often very little technical differentiation between the two classifications, and nomenclature is often a matter of tradition.

In common, however, touring cars are based upon 4-door 'family' sedans or, more rarely, 2-door coupe cars, while GT racing cars are based upon more exotic vehicles, such as Ferrari's or Lamborghini's. Underneath the bodywork, a Touring Car is often more intimately related to its road-going origins, using many original components and mountings, while a top-flight GT car is often a purpose-built tube-frame racing chassis underneath a cosmetic bodyshell. Many Touring Car series, such as the BTCC and the now-defunct JTCC differentiate themselves from sports-car racing by featuring front-wheel drive cars with smaller engines.

However, while in common Touring Cars have a lower technical level than sports cars, there are notable exceptions to the rule. The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) is measured to be one of the most technologically advanced racing series in the world, with cars that, underneath their four-door shells, are more purebread racing machines than most FIA-GT vehicles.

Touring car racing

2008-01-17T19:00:00.000-08:00

Touring car racing is a common term for a number of distinct automobile racing competitions in heavily-modified street cars. It is notably all the rage in Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, and Australia.

What constitutes a touring car?

While rules differ from country to country, most series require that the competitors start with a standard bodyshell, but nearly every other component is allowed to be heavily modified for racing, including engines, suspension, brakes, wheels and tyres. Wings are generally additional to the front and rear of the cars. Regulations are generally designed to limit costs by banning some of the more exotic technologies available (for instance, many series insist on a "control tyre" that all competitors must use) and keep the racing close (sometimes by a "lead trophy" where winning a race requires the winner's car to be heavier for subsequent races). In this, it shares some resemblance with the American NASCAR series, but raced exclusively on road courses and street circuits rather than the American series' primarily oval tracks.

History of Honda

2008-01-09T19:30:00.001-08:00

In 1997 Honda began producing a street-oriented GT motorcycle using in olden times important name: Superhawk. The previous (60's) Superhawk was a similar twin motorcycle that Robert M. Pirsig rode in "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance".

The original Superhawk was a profitable success, hence the name being recycled. The new Superhawk was introduced later than the Ducati 916 made V-twin sportbikes popular again. The new Superhawk uses an every part of new 90 degree V-twin.

The bike introduced more than a few new design concepts such as the "pivotless frame", side radiators, single casting engine case, connecting rods with cap screws instead of nuts, and the largest carburetors Honda ever put on a motorcycle. "Pivotless frame" predestined that engine was a stressed member with the swingarm bolted directly to the enigne. The bike was released in 1997 as an before time of release 1998 model year.

One motorcycle magazine recommended (circa 2000) that this bike was the fastest 0-60 mph production bike at the time.

A racing version of the bike was estimated from Honda. Honda produced in 2000 the RVT1000R (RC51) identified outside the United States as the VTR1000SP, though the bike had only four engine parts in common with the modern Superhawk.

The RC51 was an completely new V-twin racing platform that won the World Superbike championship its first year racing with Colin Edwards and the Castrol team.

Car Albums in 1978’s

2007-12-30T19:19:00.001-08:00

The band's hits dominated the charts for over nine years; their most victorious albums were 1978's The Cars, which featured hit "Just What I Needed," and 1984's Heartbeat City, which included four Top 20 singles: "Magic," "Drive," "Hello Again," and "You Might Think," which also won the MTV Video of the Year Award . "Drive" gained fastidious notability when it was used in a video of the Ethiopian food shortage prepared by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and introduced by David Bowie at the 1985 Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium.

After the consequential period of superstardom and another hit single, the Cars released their last album Door to Door in 1987, but it failed to approach the success of their previous albums. The Cars announced the group's disintegrate in February 1988. In the late 1990s, rumors circulated of a Cars reunion, but Orr's death of pancreatic cancer on October 3, 2000 position an end to them.

Starting in late 2004, The Cars punch song "Just What I Needed" was played in Circuit City

television ads.

CARS

2007-12-23T23:40:00.001-08:00

The Cars were an American new wave band, one of the most admired to emerge out of the early punk scene in the late 1970s. They hailed from Boston, Massachusetts and were signed to Elektra report in 1977.

The band's members were Ric Ocasek (born Richard Otcasek), the band's principal songwriter, rhythm guitarist, and part-time lead singer; Benjamin Orr (born Benjamin Orzechowski), bassist and recreational lead singer; Elliot Easton, lead guitar and backing vocals; David Robinson, drums and backing vocals; and Greg Hawkes, keyboards, saxophone, guitar, and backing vocals. The nucleus of the assemblage was composed of guitarists Ocasek and Orr.

The Cars productively bridged the gap between the guitar-oriented rock of the 1970s and the synth-oriented pop of the early 1980s. While most of the singles included an Elliot Easton guitar solo, The Cars' sound was distinct much more by Greg Hawkes' synthesizers and the huge harmonies of Easton, Robinson, and Hawkes behind Orr's and Ocasek's lead vocals.

Collective and non-human intelligence

2007-12-16T18:41:00.000-08:00

Some thinkers have explored the idea of combined intelligence, arising from the coordination of many people.

A battleship, for instance, cannot be operated by a single person's knowledge, actions and intelligence, it takes a corresponding and interacting crew.

Similarly, the interesting behaviors of a bee colony are not exhibited in the intelligence and actions of any lone bee, but rather manifested in the behavior of the hive.

These ideas are explored as a foundation for human thought, with applications for artificial intelligence (AI), by MIT AI pioneers Norbert Wiener and Marvin Minsky. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged from Computer science as a specialty which seeks to make computers do something in increasingly intelligent ways, and provides insights into human thought processes.

When considering animal intelligence, a more common definition of intelligence might be applied: the "ability to adapt effectively to the environment, either by making a change in oneself or by changing the environment or finding a new one" (Encyclopædia Britannica).

Many people have also speculated about the opportunity of extraterrestrial intelligence.

Intelligence, IQ, and g

2007-12-11T18:18:00.000-08:00

Intelligence, IQ, and g are very different. Intelligence is the term used in ordinary discourse to refer to cognitive ability.

However, it is usually regarded as too imprecise to be useful for a scientific treatment of the subject. The intelligence quotient (IQ) is an index calculated from the scores on analysis items judged by experts to encompass the abilities coverd by the term intelligence.

IQ measures a multidimensional magnitude: it is an amalgam of dissimilar kinds of abilities, the proportions of which may differ between IQ tests.

The dimensionality of IQ scores can be premeditated by factor analysis, which reveals a single dominant factor underlying the scores on all IQ tests.

This factor, which is a hypothetical construct, is called g. Variation in g corresponds very much to the intuitive notion of intelligence, and thus g is sometimes called general cognitive ability or general intelligence.

Artificial intelligence

2007-11-25T18:35:00.001-08:00

Artificial intelligence (also known as machine intelligence and often abbreviated as AI) is intelligence exhibited by any contrived (i.e. artificial) system. The term is often applied to common purpose computers and also in the field of scientific investigation into the theory and practical application of AI. "AI" the name is often used in works of science fiction to refer to that which exhibits artificial intelligence as well, as in "the AI" referring to a singular discrete or distributed mechanism. Modern AI research is disturbed with producing useful machines to automate human tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include: scheduling resources such as military units, answering questions about products for customers, thoughtful and transcribing speech, and recognizing faces in CCTV cameras.

As such, it has become an engineering control, focused on providing solutions to practical problems. AI methods were used to plan units in the first Gulf War, and the costs saved by this efficiency have repaid the US government's entire investment in AI research since the 1950s. AI systems are now in routine use in many businesses, hospitals and military units approximately the world, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications and video games. (See Raj Reddy's AAAI paper for a complete review of real-world AI systems in deployment today.) AI methods are often employed in cognitive science research, which openly tries to model subsystems of human cognition.

camera

2007-11-18T17:38:00.000-08:00

A camera is a mechanism used to take pictures, either singly or in sequence, with or without sound, such as with video cameras. The name is derivative from camera obscura, Latin for "dark chamber", an early mechanism for projecting images in which an entire room functioned much as the interior workings of a modern photographic camera, except there was no way at this time to record the image short of manually tracing it. Cameras may work with the visual range or other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Every camera consists of some type of enclosed chamber, with an opening or space at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the light at the other end. This distance of the aperture is often controlled by an diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-size aperture.

Corbett's Tiger

2007-11-11T19:14:00.001-08:00

Indochinese Tiger The Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti), also called Corbett's tiger, is originate in Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, preferring to stay alive in forests in mountainous or hilly regions. Estimates of its inhabitants vary between 1,200 to 1,800, with only several hundred left in the wild, but it seems likely that the number is in the lower part of the range; it is considered Endangered. The largest present population is in

Malaysia

, where illegal poaching is strictly controlled, but all existing populations are at extreme risk from habitat fragmentation and inbreeding. In

Vietnam

, nearly three-quarters of the tigers killed provide stock for Chinese pharmacies. Also, the tigers are seen by poor natives as a resource through which they can ease poverty. Indochinese tigers are less significant and darker than Bengal tigers. Males weigh up from 150–190 kg (330–420 lb) on average while females are smaller at 110–140 kg (242–308 lb). Their go on a diet consists of wild pigs, cattle and deer; The Indochinese tiger is a carnivore.

Tiger’s in India

2007-11-04T19:07:00.001-08:00

Even though this is the most 'common' tiger, these tigers are under severe force from both habitat destruction and poaching. In 1972, India launched a huge wildlife conservation project, known as Project Tiger, to care for the depleting statistics of tigers in India. The project helped raise the population of these tigers from 1,200 in the 1970s to 3,000 in the 1990s and is considered as one of the most successful wildlife conservation programs. At least one Tiger Reserve has lost its full tiger population to poaching. Males in the wild generally weight 205 to 227 kg (450–500 lb), while the average female will weigh about 141 kg. However, the northern Indian and the Nepalese Bengal tigers are invented to be somewhat bulkier than those found in the south of the Indian Subcontinent, with males averaging around 520 lbs (236 kg).

Subspecies of Tiger

2007-10-28T22:07:00.000-07:00

There are nine recent subspecies of tiger, three of which are extinct, one of which is nearly certain to become extinct in the near future, and five of which still occur. Their chronological range ran through Russia, Siberia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, China and south-east Asia, including the Indonesian islands. These are the ongoing subspecies, in descending order of wild population:

Bengal tiger

The Bengal tiger or the Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is originate in parts of

India

Bangladesh

Nepal

Bhutan

and

Myanmar

. It lives in different habitats: grasslands, subtropical and tropical rainforests, scrub forests, wet and dry deciduous forests and mangroves. The Indian government's estimated populace figure for these tigers is between 3,100 and 4,500, some 3,000 of which are found in

India

alone. However, many Indian tiger conservationists uncertainty this number, seeing it as overly optimistic. The number of Bengal tigers in

India

may be less than 2,000, as most of the collected statistics are based on pugmark identification, which often gives a biased result.

Tiger's eye

2007-10-21T20:27:00.000-07:00

Tiger's eye (also Tigers eye, Tiger eye) is a chatoyant gemstone that is generally yellow- to red-brown, with a silky luster. It is a rubbery silicified crocidolite (blue asbestos), a classic model of pseudomorphous replacement. An incompletely silicified blue option is called Hawk's eye. A member of the quartz group, its physical and optical properties are the same or very near to those of single-crystal quartz.

The gems are generally cut en cabochon in order to best display their chatoyancy. Red stones are brought about through calm heat treatment. Honey-coloured stones have been used to try to be like the much higher valued cat's eye chrysoberyl (cymophane), but the overall effect is unconvincing. Artificial fibreoptic glass is a general imitation of tiger's eye, and is produced in a wide range of colours.

Naming and etymology of Tiger

2007-10-15T20:22:00.000-07:00

The word "tiger" is taken from the Greek word "tigris", which itself is consequential "possibly from an Iranian source." In American English, "Tigress" was first record in 1611. "Tiger's-eye" is a name for a golden-brown with stripes, chatoyant, fibrous assortment of quartz used as a semi-precious gemstone. It was one of the lots of species formerly described, as Felis tigris, by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae. The generic factor of its scientific designation, Panthera tigris, is often presumed to derive from Greek pan- ("all") and ther ("beast"), but this may be a folk etymology. Although it came into English from side to side the classical languages, panthera is probably of East Asian origin, meaning "the yellowish animal," or "whitish-yellow".

Tiger

2007-10-08T00:57:00.000-07:00

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is a animal of the Felidae family, the largest of four "huge cats" in the Panthera genus. Native to the mainland of Asia, the tiger is an top predator and the largest graceful species in the world, comparable in size to the biggest fossil felids. The Bengal Tiger is the most common subspecies of tiger, constituting something like 80% of the entire tiger population, and is found in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar and Nepal. It has disappeared from much of its previous circulation including the Caucasus, Java and Bali.

The tiger is an endangered variety, with the majority of the world's tigers now living in captivity.Several subspecies are extinct and others critically in danger of extinction. Tigers have featured in ancient mythologies and tradition, and continue to be depicted in modern films and literature, as well as appearing on flags, coats of arms and as mascots for sporting teams. It is the national animal of India, among other countries.

Pollutants in water

2007-09-24T23:10:00.001-07:00

Pollutants in water consist of a large spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical chemistry or sensory changes. A lot of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can apparently produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. Alteration of water’s physical chemistry includes acidity, conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is the fertilization of surface water by nutrients that were previously scarce. Even many of the municipal water supplies in developed countries can present health risks.

Biotic pollination

2007-09-17T22:39:00.001-07:00

It occurs when pollination is mediated by an organism, termed a pollinator. Entomophily, pollination by insects, often occur on plants that have urbanized blue petals and a strong scent to attract insects such as, bees, wasps and rarely ants (Hymenoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera), and flies (Dipteral). In Zoophily, pollination is done by vertebrates such as birds and bats, mainly, hummingbirds, sunbirds, spider hunters, honeyeaters, and fruit Bats. Plants modified to this strategy tend to develop red petals to attract birds and rarely develop a scent because few birds have a sense of smell.

Stratosphere

2007-09-10T23:27:00.000-07:00

From the Latin word "stratus" meaning a scattering out. The stratosphere extends from the troposphere's 7 to 17 km (23,000 – 60,000 ft) range to about 50 km (160,000 ft). Temperature in crease through height. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, the division of the Earth's atmosphere which contains comparatively high concentrations of ozone. "Relatively high" means a few parts per million—much higher than the concentrations in the lower atmosphere but still small compare to the main components of the atmosphere. It is frequently located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from approximately 15 to 35 km (50,000 – 115,000 ft) above Earth's surface, although the thickness varies seasonally and geographically.

water taxi

2007-09-04T23:22:00.000-07:00

A water taxi or river taxi or aquatically disposed taxi is a boat used for public transportation in cities with plentiful water channels. Many cities, including New York City, Boston, Baltimore, Fort Lauderdale, Winnipeg, Vancouver, London, and Tokyo have planned water taxis that operate in a similar manner to ferries or buses. Others, like Venice, have for-hire boats like to traditional taxis. Venice also has a vaporetto or waterbus system that operates in the same way to American "water taxis" (image).
Water taxis also activate in cottage areas where some cottages are available only by water. Visitors can drive to a local marina and take a water taxi to the final purpose.
On March 6, 2004, a "Seaport Taxi," a water taxi service operated by the Living Classrooms Foundation, capsized through a storm near Baltimore's Inner Harbor; 5 passengers died in the accident.

Pulses

2007-08-27T22:40:00.000-07:00

Pulses are defined by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as yearly leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds of variable size, shape and color surrounded by a pod. Pulses being used for food and animal feed.

The term pulses, as used by the FAO, are kept for crops harvested solely for the dry grain. This therefore excludes green beans and green peas, which are measured vegetable crops. Also barred crops which are mainly grown for oil extraction oilseeds like soybeans and peanuts, and crops which are used exclusively for sowing (clovers, alfalfa).

Pulses are main food crops due to their high protein and necessary amino acid content. Like many leguminous crops, pulses play a key role in crop turning round due to their capability to fix nitrogen.

Leather jacket

2007-08-19T22:19:00.000-07:00

A leather jacket is a type of clothes, a jacket made of leather. The jacket has naturally a brown, dark grey or black color. Leather jackets can be styled in a range of ways and different versions have been linked with different subcultures in places and times. For example, the leather jacket have often been associated with bikers, military aviators, punks, metal heads, and police, which have worn versions intended for protective purposes and often for their potentially intimidating appearance.

In the 20th century the leather jacket achieve iconic status, in major part through film. Examples include Marlon Brando's Johnny Storable character in The Wild One (1953), Michael Pare in Eddie and the Cruisers, as well as James Dean in Rebel without a Cause. As such, these all serve to popularize leather jackets in American and British childhood from the "greaser" subculture in the 1950s and early 1960s. A later description of this style of jacket and time was "The Fonz" in the television series "Happy Days" which was shaped in the 1970s and 1980s but depicted life in the 1950s and 1960s. The Fonz's leather jacket is at the present housed in the Smithsonian Institution, and the Grease movie duo has also since popularized leather jackets with their T-Birds male clique.

The leather jackets worn by aviators and members of the military were brown in color and regularly called "Bomber jackets" as seen on frequent stars in the 1940s and 1950s such as Jimmy Stewart in the 1957 film, Night Passage.

Electric

2007-08-12T23:49:00.000-07:00

The first electric cars were built in the early 1880s shortly before interior combustion powered cars appeared. For a period of time electrics were measured superior due to the silent nature of electric motors compare to the very loud noise of the gasoline engine. This supreme benefit was removed with Hiram Percy Maxim's invention of the muffler in 1897. Thereafter internal combustion powered cars had two critical advantages:
1) Long range and 2) high specific energy (far lower weight of petrol fuel against weight of batteries). The building of battery electric vehicles that could competitor internal combustion models had to wait for the introduction of modern semiconductor controls and enhanced batteries. Because they can deliver a high torque at low revolutions electric cars do not need such a complex drive train and transmission as internal combustion powered cars. Some post-2000 electric car designs are able to speed up from 0-60 mph (96 km/hour) in 4.0 seconds with a top speed around 130 mph (210 km/h). Others have a variety of 250 miles (400 km) on the EPA highway cycle requiring 3-1/2 hours to completely charge. Equivalent fuel efficiency to internal combustion is not well defined but some press reports give it at approximately 135 mpg.

Early Stages of a pregnant woman and her health

2007-08-06T05:05:00.000-07:00

Pregnancy is not an easy job for a woman. Starting from conception to birth, a woman's body carries out the most miraculous process of fertilization, implantation and the maturity and growth of her baby (or babies). Her body is her baby's dwelling place for the next nine months (or around 40 weeks) and the occurrences of pregnancy turn into a journey of many new physical feelings. Whether it is first, second, third (or more) pregnancy, her body will respond in a different way to each individual pregnancy. So health of a pregnant woman is very important to be taken care of.

Throughout the first 12 weeks of pregnancy called the '1st trimester’, a woman's body adjust to present a fostering and protective environment for her baby to grow and develop. Seldom, the early signs of pregnancy can make a woman feel puzzled. This may be for the reason that many of the physical signs of in the early hours of pregnancy such as enlarged tender breasts, sensitivity of tiredness, overstuffed and perhaps experiencing spasms and/or pelvic uneasiness can be considered as normal pre-menstrual signs. In all these stages the health of the woman declines because she is not only feeding herself, also her little developing fetus.

They may also sense disgusted or sick, due to morning sickness. It is not unusual to feel unsure about what is 'normal' during the early stages of pregnancy development, and unfamiliar signs or sensations may trigger concerns about the health, of her and baby. It’s been proved by the Gynecologists that every woman's body will react in a different way to being pregnant. Many women find their early pregnancy symptoms very difficult to cope with, both at work and generally.

Due to continuous vomiting and nourishing the fetus the pregnant woman may be exhausted very easily. She has to constantly keep her energetic by maintaining a healthy diet schedule as prescribed by the physicians. She can have more fresh green vegetables and fruit juices to make her feel fresh and energetic. It’s always significant to make sure that she avoids drinking and smoking because whatever she has will be directly absorbed by the baby. Once the fetus starts developing she has to get primed for all the obstacles she has to experience throughout pregnancy. Many psychologists predict that a healthy pregnancy is not only from taking care of the nutrition for the pregnant women, more than that she has to be taken care from all the hassles in her family. It’s the duty of a loving husband to caress her comfortably and keep her happy always throughout the gestation period. This will not only make the woman feel happy and hopeful it will directly lead to the good development of the fetus.

Mobile phone

2007-07-29T22:39:00.000-07:00

The introduction of cells for mobile phone base stations, invented in 1947 by Bell Labs engineers at AT&T, was further industrialized by Bell Labs during the 1960s. Due to their low establishment expenses and fast exploitation, mobile phone networks have since spread hastily throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony.

The zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced in 1945. 0G mobile telephones, such as Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not sustain the automatic change of channel frequency during calls, which allows the user to shift from one cell (the base station coverage area) to another cell, an attribute called "handover".

The first marketable cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979. Fully automatic cellular networks were first introduced in the beginning to mid 1980s (the 1G generation) with the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in 1981. This was followed by an explosion in mobile telephone habit, particularly in Northern Europe.

The first "modern" network technology on digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard which also striking the beginning of competition in mobile telecoms when Radiolinja challenged current Telecom Finland (now part of TeliaSonera) who ran a 1G NMT network. A decade after, the first commercial commence of 3G (Third Generation) was again in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. However, Martin Cooper, a Motorola engineer, is accredited with the innovation of the modern mobile phone in the 1990s. Until the early 1990s, most mobile phones were too large to be carried in a jacket pocket, so they were normally installed in vehicles as car phones. With the miniaturization of digital apparatus, mobile phones have become more and handier over the years.

Red blood cell

2007-07-22T23:17:00.001-07:00

Red cell is redirecting here, For the US military word, see Red Cell.
Red blood cells are the most ordinary type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of deliver oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood.

Human red blood cells Red blood cells are also known as RBCs or erythrocytes from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow", with cyte nowadays translated as "cell". A schistocyte is a red blood cell undergoes fragmentation, or a fragmented fraction of a red blood cell.

Multiple fruit

2007-07-15T21:23:00.001-07:00

A multiple fruit is one fashioned from a cluster of flowers called an inflorescence. Each flower produces a fruit, but these grown-up into a single mass Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit.

In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be experiential on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a cranium is produced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes make bigger, they become connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarpet.

There are also many dry multiple fruits, e.g.

Tuliptree, multiple of samaras.
Sweet gum, multiple of capsules.
Sycamore and teasel, multiple of achenes.
Magnolia, multiple of follicles.

2007-07-10T21:04:00.000-07:00

Wakeboard

Wakeboard Boats have a device that creates a huge wake for a skier to jump the wakes from face to face doing aerial tricks. Wakeboard complete boats are Drive boats. This means they are an inboard boat among the engine place backwards in the nurture of the boat. Some wakeboard detailed boat models are direct drive boats where the engine is in the center of the boat. Most wakeboard boats will have some features that help to make large wakes. Ballast, lodge, and hull technology. Most new wakeboarding boats come usual with some sort of regular ballast. Generally, these ballast tanks are placed inside of the hull of the boat and can be crowded and empties by switches situated in the drivers area. The ballast weights the boat down, creating a larger wake when in proposition. The Wedge is a machine that helps shape the wake. It is a metal structure situated behind the propeller that helps the driver fine melody the wake for the athlete. Hull technology is the innovation and R&D that the manufacturers put into their boats to make sure the best stock wake possible. Many boarders use after market ballast and guide to further weight down their boats for very huge wakes or for sports such as wake surfing.

Shikaras

2007-06-20T19:25:00.000-07:00

Shikaras are a type of boat made up of wood, found on Dal Lake, and other water bodies of Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Shikaras are of different sizes and are used for various purposes, together with transportation of people. Drivers make use of oars having a unique spade-shaped base to row the shikara. A normal shikara seats half-a-dozen people, and driver sitting at the lower end. Like the Venetian gandolas, a cultural symbol of Kashmir. Some shikaras are still using for fishing, seaweed-harvesting, and transport in the deeper parts of Dal Lake, while most are covered with tarpaulins and are used for tourism. Some are used by poor people as floating houses.

Shikaras have become relatively a popular tourist attraction, with tourists taking cruises along the Dal and Nageen lakes, visiting places of interest. A very popular postcard photo of a shikara is the florist's shikara, in which the florist carries different flowers intended for sales.

Motorboat

2007-06-10T22:35:00.000-07:00

A motorboat usually speaking is a vessel other than a sailboat or personal watercraft, propelled by an interior combustion engine driving a jet or a propeller. However, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea defines that any boat propelled by machinery. A speedboat is a small motorboat intended to move quickly, used in races, for pulling water skiers, as patrol boats, and as fast-moving armed attack vessels by the military. Even inflatable boats with a motor attached which may be serving as a high speed patrol boat or as a plodding walker dingy providing transport to and from a mooring buoy are strictly classified as motorboats.
There are three well-liked variations of power plants: inboard, inboard/outboard, and outboard. If the engine is installed within the boat, it's called a power plant; if it's a detachable module attached to the boat, it's normally known as an outboard motor.

An outboard motor is installed on the rear of a boat and contains the inner combustion engine, the gear decrease (Transmission), and the propeller.
An inboard/outboard contains a hybrid of a power plant and an outboard, where the interior combustion engine is contained inboard and the gear reduction and propeller are outside.
A purely inboard boat contains everything apart from a shaft and a propeller inside the vessel. We have two configurations of an inboard, v-drive and straight drive. A direct drive has the power plant mounted close to the middle of the boat with the propeller shaft straight out the back, where a v-drive has the power plant mounted in the back of the boat facing backwards having the shaft go towards the front of the boat than making a 'V' towards the rear.

2007-06-05T00:23:00.000-07:00

Longboat

His longboat should not be confused with a Long ship; or with a narrow boat. In the days of sailing ships, a vessel would take a number of boats for various uses. One would be a longboat, an open, mainly rowing boat with eight or ten oarsmen, two per spoil. In other words the longboat was double banked: its rowing benches were planned to accommodate two men. Unlike the vessel or the cutter, the longboat would have quite fine lines aft to permit its use in steep waves such as surf or wind against tide where need be.
It had the double-banked understanding in common with the cutter. This was possible as it had a beam alike to a cutter's but broader than that of a gig, which was solitary banked. The longboat was frequently more seaworthy than the cutter which had a fuller stern for such load-carrying work as laying out an anchor and cable. In a seaway or surf therefore, the cutter was more flat to broaching to.

Jet-Ski

2007-05-28T00:42:00.001-07:00

Jet-Ski is the brand name of personal watercraft (PWC) affected by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd... The name, however, has become a widespread trademark for any type of personal watercraft. Jet Ski (or Jet Ski) can also specially refer to versions of PWCs with pivoting handle poles known as "stand-ups".
Jet Ski becomes leading colloquial term for stand-ups because, in 1973, Kawasaki was in charge for a limited production of stand-up models as intended by the recognized inventor of jet skis, Clayton Jacobsen II. In 1976, Kawasaki then began mass manufacture of the JS400-A. JS400s came with 400 cc two-stroke engines and hulls based upon the previous incomplete release models. It became the harbinger of the achievement Jet-Skis would see in the market up through the 1990s.
In 1986 Kawasaki broadened the world of Jet Skis by introduce a two person representation with lean-in "sport" style handling and a 650cc engine, dubbed the X-2. Then in 1989, they innovate their first two traveler "sit-down" model, the Tandem Sport (TS) with a step-through seating area.
In 2003, Kawasaki famous the Jet Ski brand by release a special 30th anniversary edition of its current stand-up model, the SX-R, which has seen a renewal of interest in stand-up jet skiing. The X-2 has also been efficient, based on the SX-R platform and re-released in Japan. Kawasaki continues to produce three models of sit-downs, as well as many four-stroke models.

Hovercraft

2007-05-20T23:32:00.001-07:00

A hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicle (ACV), is a vehicle or craft that can be hold up by a cushion of air dispossessed downwards against a surface close below it, and can in principle travel over any relatively smooth surface, such as gently sloping land, water, or marshland, while having no substantial contact with it.
Hovercraft has one or more parts of engines (some craft, such as the SR-N6, have one engine with a drive split through a gearbox). One engine drives the fan (the impeller) which is in charge for exciting the vehicle by forcing air under the craft. The air therefore must exit throughout the "skirt", lifting the craft above the area which the craft resides. One or more additional engines are used to offer thrust in order to propel the craft in the favorite direction. Some hovercraft utilized ducting to allow one engine to perform both tasks by directing some of the air to the skirt, the rest of the air passing out of the back to push the craft forward.

Fireboat

2007-05-13T20:14:00.000-07:00

A fireboat is a paying attention watercraft, often similar to a tugboat, with pumps and nozzles planned for fighting shoreline and shipboard fires. They are mostly useful for fighting fires on docks and shore side warehouses as they can directly attack fires in the supporting underpinnings of these structures. They also have an countless supply of water available, pumping straight from the harbor and can be used to assist shore based firefighters when other water is in low supply or is unavailable, for example, due to earthquake breakage of water mains, as happened in San Francisco due to the 1989 Loma Pieta earthquake.
Modern fireboats are competent of pumping tens of thousands of gallons of water per minute. The most technically advanced of these is Fire Boat #2 of the Los Angeles Fire Department, the Warner Lawrence, with the capability to pump up to 38,000 US gallons per minute (2 m³/s) and up to 400 feet (120 m) in the air.
Fireboats are most frequently seen by the public when welcoming a fleet or historical ships with a display of their water moving capabilities, throwing large arcs of water in every direction.

Human-powered transport

2007-04-02T04:46:00.000-07:00

Human-powered transport is transport of person(s) and or goods motorized by human muscle.
Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has been in continuation since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. However modern technology has led to machines to improve human-power. Although motorization has compact the effort in transport, many human-powered machines stay popular for leisure or exercise and for short distance travel. Human-powered transport is frequently the only (reliable) power source available in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions, and may be measured an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

A Snapshot of Macro-Economics

2007-03-28T02:12:00.000-07:00

Economics is the learning of making choices. High school and college students all over required to take economic courses in order to achieve a diploma. Why is economics so important because it provides a guide for students for real-world situations. Economics is divided into two types microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of economics at a slim level. For example absorbed on how a detailed business functions is microeconomics.
Studying the world economy is classified as Macroeconomics; its center on a much broader level. All students must understand the concept of insufficiency. Scarcity is a condition that occurs because society has unlimited wants and needs however the amount of property is limited. Unlimited wants and needs are what encourage us to create goods and services. We are never satisfied therefore we always have a want or need. On the other hand our income is limited.

Carriage

2007-03-20T22:54:00.000-07:00

The standard definition of a carriage is a four-wheeled horse drawn personal passenger vehicle with leaf springs or leather robust for postponement, whether light, smart and fast or large and relaxed. Compare the public conveyance stagecoach, charabanc, and omnibus.
A medium that is not sprung is a wagon. An American buckboard or Conestoga wagon or "prairie schooner" was never taken for a carriage, but a waggonette was an enjoyment vehicle, with lengthways seats.
The word car meaning "wheeled vehicle", came from Norman French at the start of the 14th century; it was absolute to cover automobile in 1896.
In the British Isles and many Commonwealth countries, a railway carriage (also called a coach) is a railroad car planned and prepared for transporting passengers.
In the United States, a baby carriage is a wheeled transportation for recline infants (in English outside North America: perambulator or pram), often with a hood that can be adjusted to protect the baby from the sun.

Earth

2007-02-20T22:46:00.000-08:00

Earth often known as the Earth, Terra, the World or Planet Earth is the third planet away from the Sun, and is the fifth largest planet in the solar system. It is also the largest of its terrestrial system's global planets, making it the largest solid body in the solar system, and it is the only position in the universe known to humans to support life. It as well the densest planet in the lunar system. The Earth was shaped around 4.57 billion years ago and its natural satellite, the Moon, was orbiting it shortly thereafter, around 4.53 billion years ago.

The outer surface is divided into several tectonic plates that gradually travel across the surface over geologic time spans. The interior of the planet remains active, with a thick layer of convicting yet solid layer and an iron core that generates a magnetic field. Its atmospheric conditions have been considerably altered by the presence of life forms, which make an ecological balance that modifies the surface situation. About 71% of the surface is covered in salt-water oceans, and the remaining consists of continents and islands.

Colossus of Rhodes

2007-01-21T23:19:00.000-08:00

The Colossus of Rhodes was a giant statue of the god Helios, erected on the Greek island of Rhodes by Chares of Lindos, a pupil of Lysippos, between 292 BC and 280 BC. It was roughly the same size as the Statue of Liberty in New York, although it stood on a lower platform. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Alexander the Great died at an early age in 323 BC without having had time to put into place any plans for his succession. Fighting broke out among his generals, the Diadochi, with three of them eventually divides up much of his empire in the Mediterranean area. During the fighting Rhodes had sided with Ptolemy, and when Ptolemy eventually took control of Egypt, Rhodes and Ptolemaic Egypt formed an alliance which controlled much of the trade in the eastern Mediterranean. Another of Alexander's generals, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, was upset by this turn of events. In 305 BC he had his son Demetrius invade Rhodes with an army of 40,000. However, the city was well defended, and Demetrius had to start construction of a number of massive siege towers in order to gain access to the walls.

Identical twins

2007-01-08T22:58:00.000-08:00

Identical twins occur when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote which then divides into two separate embryos. This is not considered to be a hereditary trait, but rather an anomaly that occurs in birthing at a rate of about 1:150 births worldwide, regardless of ethnic background. The two embryos develop into fetuses sharing the same womb. When one egg is fertilized by one sperm cell, and then divides and separates, two identical cells will result. Depending on the stage at which the zygote divides, identical twins may share the same amnion, which can cause complications in pregnancy.

For example, the umbilical cords of monoamniotic twins can become entangled, reducing or interrupting the blood supply to the developing fetus. About 50% of mono-mono twins die from umbilical cord entanglement. Monochorionic twins, sharing one placenta, usually also share the placental blood supply. These twins may develop such that blood passes disproportionately from one twin to the other through connecting blood vessels within their shared placenta, leading to twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.

Metamorphosis

2007-01-01T22:41:00.000-08:00

Metamorphosis is a biological course by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's form or structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some insects, amphibians, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms and tunicates undertake metamorphosis, which is usually accompanied by a change of habitat or behavior. Scientific usage of the term is exclusive, and is not applied to common aspects of growth, including rapid growth spurts. References to “metamorphosis” in mammals are imprecise and only colloquial.

Metamorphosis usually proceeds in distinct stages, usually starting with larva or nymph, optionally passing through pupa, and ending as adult. The immature stages of a species that metamorphoses are regularly called larva. But in the complex metamorphosis of many insect species, only the first stage is called a larva and sometimes even that bears a different name; the distinction depends on the nature of the metamorphosis.

History of India

2006-12-26T23:32:00.000-08:00

Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at Bhimbetka in the state of Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared over 9,000 years ago and gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to 3300 BCE in western India. It was followed by the Vedic Civilization which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society. From around 550 BCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the Mahajanapadas were established across the country laying the foundations of ancient India.

The empire built by the Maurya dynasty under Emperor Ashoka the Great united most of modern Southern Asia except the Dravidian kingdoms in the south. From 180 BCE, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed including the Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians and Kushans in the north-western Indian Subcontinent. From the third century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's "Golden Age." While the north had larger, fewer kingdoms, in the south there were several dynasties such as the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Cheras, Cholas, Pallavas and Pandyas in different times and regions.

Hail formation

2006-12-18T01:16:00.000-08:00

Hail forms on condensation nuclei such as dust, bugs, or ice crystals, when super cooled water freezes on make contact with. In clouds contains large numbers of super cooled water droplets, these ice nuclei grow quickly at the expense of the liquid droplets because the saturation vapor pressure over ice is slightly less than the saturation vapor pressure over water. If the hail stones grow large enough, latent heat released by further freezing may melt the external shell of the hail stone. The development that follows, usually called wet growth, is more efficient because the liquid outer shell allows the stone to accrete other smaller hail stones in addition to super cooled droplets.

Once a hailstone become too heavy to be supported by the storm's updraft it falls out of the cloud. The reason rain can't fall, is typically because of the tough winds inside a thunderstorm cloud. These winds hold the rain and freeze it. As the process repeats, the hail grows gradually larger. When a hail stone is cut in half, a series of concentric rings, like that of an onion, are revealed. From these rings we can determine the total number of times the hail stone had traveled to the top of the storm before falling to the ground.

Mean sea level pressure

2006-12-12T04:22:00.000-08:00

Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level or the station pressure condensed to sea level assuming an isothermal layer at the station temperature. This is the pressure usually given in weather reports on radio, television, and newspapers. When barometers in the home are set to match the local weather reports, they measure pressure condensed to sea level, not the actual local atmospheric pressure. The reduction to sea level means that the usual range of fluctuations in pressure is the same for everyone. The pressures which are measured high pressure or low pressure do not depend on geographical location. This makes isobars on a weather map meaningful and useful tool. The altimeter setting in aviation, set either QNH or QFE, is another atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level, but the method of making this reduction differs slightly.

QNH barometric altimeter setting which will cause the altimeter to read airfield elevation when on the airfield. In ISA temperature conditions the altimeter will read altitude above mean sea level in the vicinity of the airfield.

QFE barometric altimeter setting which will cause an altimeter to read zero when at the reference datum of a particular airfield. In ISA temperature conditions the altimeter will read height above the datum in the vicinity of the airfield.

Immigration and multiculturalism

2006-12-04T22:18:00.000-08:00

Since the time of olden Rome, the city has always been a site for colonization. This once extensive to all reaches of the Roman Empire, but was more cramped to the rest of Italy in later centuries, as Rome's political power waned. Still, many of its citizens' families invent from outside the city, and the Romanesco phrase Romano de Roma has been coined to indicate someone who descends from a family that has lived in Rome for at least seven generations, the mark of a "true" Roman.

Over the next half of 20th century, Rome has seen rising immigration from other countries. There currently is an important immigrant population, including a great number of clandestine. The 2005 ISTAT estimations state that 145,000 immigrants live in the comune, or 5.69% of the total comune inhabitants. The foreign population in the metropolitan area of Rome consists in 206,000 persons, or 5.37% of the total urban area population. The foreign population in the metropolitan area of Rome is about 248,000 persons or 4.67% of the whole metropolitan area population. By far the largest number of immigrants is Eastern European, with the largest figures of foreigners coming from Romania, The Philippines, Poland, Albania, Peru, Bangladesh, and Ukraine.

Probably as a result of its multiethnic past, the city has reacted with less complexity to the current waves of immigration into Italy. In meticulous, Mayor Walter Veltroni has made multiculturalism one of the key points of supporting program; inhabitants of Rome who are not citizens of an EU country are now permitted to elect their own legislature in the city council, even if they do not embrace formal legal residence in Rome.

Lexicography

2006-11-27T21:18:00.000-08:00

In American English usage, the name can be capitalized or spelled in lowercase interchangeably, either when used completely or prefixed with "the" Many consciously spell the name of the planet with a capital, both as "Earth" or "the Earth". This is to distinguish it as a good noun, distinct from the senses of the term as a count noun or verb. Oxford Spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common, with the capitalized form as an alternative of it. Another convention that is very ordinary is to spell the name with a capital when occurring absolutely and lowercase when preceded by "the". The term almost completely exists in lowercase when appearing in common phrases, even without "the" preceding it.

Terms that refer to the Earth can use the Latin origin terr-, as in terraform and terrestrial. Another Latin root is tellur-, which is used in language such as tellurian and tellurium. Such terms derive from Latin terra and tellus, which refer variously to the world, the element earth, the earth goddess and so forth. Scientific terms such as geography, geocentric and geothermal use the Greek prefix geo, from (again meaning "earth"). In many skill fiction books and video games, Earth is referred to as Terra or Gaia. Astronauts refer to the Earth as "Terra Firma".